Surface Energy and Surface Stress

surface energy and surface stress

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Mani Raj Paul - Quantization

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Quantization The digitization of analog signals in which it involves the rounding off of the values which are approximately equal to the analog values.  sampling chooses a few points on the analog signal and then these points are joined to round off the value to a near stabilized value. Such a process is called as  Quantization . Types of Quantization There are two types of Quantization - Uniform Quantization and Non-uniform Quantization. The type of quantization in which the quantization levels are uniformly spaced is termed as a  Uniform Quantization . The type of quantization in which the quantization levels are unequal and mostly the relation between them is logarithmic, is termed as a  Non-uniform Quantization . There are two types of uniform quantization. They are Mid-Rise type and Mid-Tread type. The following figures represent the two types of uniform quantization. In this the origin lies in the middle of a raising part of the stair-case lik...
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Mani Raj Paul - DPCM

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For the samples that are highly correlated, when encoded by PCM technique, leave redundant information behind. To process this redundant information and to have a better output, it is a wise decision to take a predicted sampled value, assumed from its previous output and summarize them with the quantized values. Such a process is called as  Differential PCM (DPCM) technique. DPCM Transmitter The DPCM Transmitter consists of Quantizer and Predictor with two summer circuits. Following is the block diagram of DPCM transmitter. DPCM Receiver The block diagram of DPCM Receiver consists of a decoder, a predictor, and a summer circuit. Following is the diagram of DPCM Receiver. The notation of the signals is the same as the previous ones. In the absence of noise, the encoded receiver input will be the same as the encoded transmitter output. As mentioned before, the predictor assumes a value, based on the previous outputs. The input given to the decoder is...
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Mani Raj Paul - FSK

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)  is a digital modulation technique in which  thr carrier signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK Modulator The FSK modulator block diagram has two oscillators with a clock and the input sequence. FSK Demodulator The main methods of FSK detection are  asynchronous detector  and  synchronous detector . Asynchronous FSK Detector The block diagram of Asynchronous FSK detector consists has two band pass filters,2 envelop detectors, and a decision circuit. Synchronous FSK Detector The block diagram of Synchronous FSK detector consists has two mixers with local oscillator circuits, two band pass filters and a decision circuit.
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